Intaking 5g, 10g, and 20g of human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) in adults for two weeks increased intestinal bifidobacteria, especially in the 10g intake group.

* Source of data : Oral supplementation of healthy adults with 2′-O-fucosyllactose and lacto-N-neotetraose is well tolerated and
shifts the intestinal microbiota British Journal of Nutrition (2016), 116, 1356–1368

Bifidobacterium infantis grown on human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) becomes an intestinal dominant species due to its high adherence and is involved in controlling body immunity and inflammatory substances.

Bifidobacterium infantis and Bifidobacterium bifidum grown on lactose and HMO 2'-FL were checked for adhesion to Caco-2 and HT-29 cell and HMO 2'-FL-grown Bifidobacterium infantis showed significantly higher adhesion in HT-29 cells. This experiment was conducted in vitro, but implies that it can be better attached to intestinal epithelium.

Bifidobacterium infantis and breve, cultured on HMO 2'-FL, have been shown to inhibit gene expression of inflammatory chemokines.

* Source of data : Bifidobacteria grown on human milk oligosaccharides downregulate the expression of infla mmation-related genes in Caco-2 cells
BMC Microbiology volume 15, Article number: 172 (2015)

Human milk oligosaccharide helps prevent necrotic colitis (NEC) from getting worse.

Necrotic colitis (NEC) is a necrotic enteritis in small intestine or large intestine of an infant and is one of the most severe neonatal diseases caused by premature birth, high concentrations of milk, hypoxia, too fast nutrition, plethora and infection. It is a scary disease with a mortality rate of 20% with various levels of necrosis of the mucous membrane even if it gets treatment.

* Source of data: Asan Medical Center in Seoul

After causing necrotic colitis (NEC) in rodents, breast milk, infant formula, breast milk+2'-FL, and infant formula+2'-FL have been shown to help with daily weight gain and lower the severity of NEC in HMO 2’-FL supplementary experimental group.

* Source of data : The human milk oligosaccharide 2′-fucosyllactose attenuates the severity of experimental necrotising enterocolitis by enhancing mesenteric perfusion
in the neonatal intestine (British Journal of Nutrition (2016), 116, 1175–1187)

Human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) 2'-FL and LNnT induce beneficial bifidobacterium increase without gastrointestinal disturbances in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) subjects.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) whose main reason is guessed as genetic factors, stress, psychological factors, gastrointestinal inflammation, overreaction to certain foods and abnormal changes in the composition of resident bacteria in the colon, are complex symptoms of abdominal pain or abdominal discomfort even though its precise cause is not clarified.

* Source of data : Samsung Medical Center

* Source of data : Human milk oligosaccharide supplementation in irritable bowel syndrome patients: A parallel, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
Neurogastroenterology & Motility. 2020;00:e13920.

Human milk oligosaccharide supplementation in irritable bowel syndrome patients: A parallel, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
Neurogastroenterology & Motility. 2020;00:e13920

Human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) 2'-FL affects the adaptation response to enterectomy.

The supplementation of human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) 2’-FL to the diet of mice with intestinal resection showed that it affected rapid weight gain and fast establishment of various microbial clusters in small intestine compared with the group not fed with HMO.

* Source of data : The human milk oligosaccharide 2'-fucosyllactose augments the adaptive response to extensive intestinal Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 310: G427–G438, 2016

There was no effect of 2'-FL supplementation between non-surgical groups and the ICR(Ileocecal resection) group, while the weight gain of 2'-FL supplemented group increased faster than that of not supplemented group. Prior to and after intestinal resection surgery in rats, 2'-FL supplementation showed an increase in intestinal bacteria (blue) in the group that supplemented 2'-FL prior to surgery. After surgery, Bifidobacterium and Clostridium increased noticeably and after intestinal resection, microbial colonies showed diversity in groups supplemented with 2'FL. Therefore, human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) 2'-FL has been shown to affect weight gain and various clusters of intestinal microorganisms after intestinal resection.

* Source of data : The human milk oligosaccharide 2'-fucosyllactose augments the adaptive response to extensive intestinal
Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 310: G427–G438, 2016

Human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) 2’-FL affects improving congenital immunity

The administration of human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) 2'-FL in influenza-infected mice confirmed an increase in DTH and immunoglobulin specific to influenza vaccines, indicating that dietary supplementation of human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) 2'-FL could improve both humoral immunity and cellular immunity.

* Source of data : Human Milk Oligosaccharide 2′-Fucosyllactose Improves Innate and Adaptive Immunity in an Influenza-Specific Murine Vaccination Model Front. Immunol., 09 March 2018

The height and area of the intestinal epithelial villi increased on 8th day of intake in young mice fed with 2'-FL.

* Source of data : Immunomodulatory and Prebiotic Effects of 2'-FL in suckling rats Frontiers in Immunology REF : 레퍼런스, 2'-FL : 2'-O-푸코실락토오스

Human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) 2'-FL affects food allergy reduction.

Experiments with supplementation of 2'-FL and 6'-SL (HMO) and lactose in mice that caused allergies with OVA (obualbumin) showed that 2'-FL and 6'-SL reduced diarrhea and hypothermia caused by allergies and increased immunoglobulins while decreasing inflammatory cytokines.

* Source of data : Attenuation of food allergy symptoms following treatment with human milk oligosaccharides in a mouse model. Allergy 2015; 70: 1091–1102.

human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) 2’-FL prevents infection by various pathogens.

The infection of the harmful bacteria begins when they attach to the glycan receptor in the intestinal epithelial cells. Human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) is structurally similar to glycan receptors and pathogenic bacteria mistakes HMO as a glycan receptor and combines to HMO. In other words, it acts as a decoy and prevents harmful acteria and viruses from attaching to intestinal epithelial cells.

* Source of data : What are human milk oligosaccharides : Basic Science (Nestle Nutrition Institute)

Also, the human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) that reaches intestinal epithelial cells, changes the shape of the intestinal epithelial glycans by making the gene expression different. By doing so, harmful bacteria and pathogens that reach intestinal epithelial cells are prevented from attaching.

* Source of data : What are human milk oligosaccharides : Basic Science (Nestle Nutrition Institute)

Human milk oligosacchride (HMO) 2'-FL enhances LTP (Long Term Potentiation) to help strengthen memory and improve learning ability.

Input/Output performance tests on the stimulation of rodents showed that both control and 2'-FL supplemented groups tended to increase steadily with the intensity of the stimulation, and the 2'-FL fed group's field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) levels were significantly higher, suggesting that the 2'-FL dietary supplement could help strengthen memory.

* Source of data : Effects of a human milk oligosaccharide, 2′-fucosyllactose, on hippocampal long-term potentiation and learning capabilities in rodents

After 10 days of experiment with getting feed by pressing the lever when the speaker sounds the start and end, it was found that reaching time to test standard for mice with dietary supplement of 2'-FL was shorter than that for mice without 2'-FL and number of pressing lever in a timely manner was higher, too. This suggests that the intake of 2'-FL can improve learning ability.

* Source of data : Influence of 2'-fucosyllactose and galacto-oligosaccharides on the growth and adhesion of Streptococcus mutans British Journal of Nutrition (2020), 124, 824–831

Human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) 2’-FL helps to weaken the inflammation of keratinocytes.

2'-FL has been shown to weaken inflammation through inhibition of hypoxia-causing factors in keratinocytes.

* Source of data : 2′-Fucosyllactose Attenuates Particulate Matter-Induced Inflammation via Inhibition of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor in Keratinocytes Biol. Pharm. Bull. 42, 1620–1627 (2019)

As a result of this experiment, human milk oligosaccharide 2'-FL inhibited inflammatory mediator induced by PM10 and protected the skin's epidermis from irritation of PM10. This suggests that 2'-FL can be used as a major component of cosmeceuticals to alleviate skin irritation and inflammation caused by urban air pollution.

Human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) 2’-FL inhibits the growth of cavities and prevents its tooth attachment.

Three types of streptococcus mutans can easily grow on galactose, lactose, glucose and TSB medium while they can not grow well on HMO 2'-FL and xylitol.

* Source of data : Influence of 2'-fucosyllactose and galacto-oligosaccharides on the growth and adhesion of Streptococcus mutans British Journal of Nutrition (2020), 124, 824–831

Researches significantly show that human milk oligosaccharide 2'-FL and galactooligosaccharide in hydroxyapatite with saliva interfere with the attachment of Streptococcus mutans CI2366, a cavity bacterium to tooth.

* Source of data : Influence of 2'-fucosyllactose and galacto-oligosaccharides on the growth and adhesion of Streptococcus mutans British Journal of Nutrition (2020), 124, 824–831

Aa a result of examining the attachment of cavity bacteria on the surface of glass, it was found that HMO 2'-FL, galactooligosaccharide and lactose inhibit the attachment of Streptococcus mutans DSM20523.

* Source of data : Influence of 2'-fucosyllactose and galacto-oligosaccharides on the growth and adhesion of Streptococcus mutans British Journal of Nutrition (2020), 124, 824–831